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Did the Federal Government Shut Down Again in February?

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Cessation of "non-essential" government services in the United States due to a funding lapse

Regime shutdowns in the United States occur when there is a failure to enact funding legislation to finance the government for its adjacent fiscal twelvemonth or a temporary funding measure. Ever since a 1980 estimation of the 1884 Antideficiency Human activity, a "lapse of appropriation" due to a political impasse on proposed appropriation bills requires that the The states federal regime curtail bureau activities and services, close down non-essential operations, furlough not-essential workers, and simply retain essential employees in departments covering the safety of homo life or protection of belongings.[1] Voluntary services may only be accepted when required for the rubber of life or belongings.[one] Shutdowns can besides occur inside and disrupt land, territorial, and local levels of government.

Since the enactment of the United states of america government'due south electric current budget and appropriations process in 1976, at that place have been a total of 22 funding gaps in the federal budget, ten of which have led to federal employees existence furloughed. Prior to 1980, funding gaps did not pb to regime shutdowns, until Attorney Full general Benjamin Civiletti issued a legal opinion requiring the regime to be close down when a funding gap occurs.[2] This opinion was not consistently adhered to through the 1980s, simply since 1990 all funding gaps lasting longer than a few hours have led to a shutdown.

Some of the near significant shutdowns in U.S. history take included the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996 during the Pecker Clinton administration over opposition to major spending cuts; the 16-day shutdown in 2013 during the Barack Obama administration caused by a dispute over implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA);[3] and the 35-24-hour interval shutdown of 2018-2019 during the Donald Trump administration, the longest shutdown in United states of america history,[4] caused by a dispute over the funding amount for an expansion of the U.Due south.–Mexico border barrier.[5] [6]

Shutdowns cause the disruption of government services and programs, including the closure of national parks and institutions (in detail, due to shortages of federal employees). A major loss of government revenue comes from lost labor from furloughed employees who are still paid, as well as loss of fees that would take been paid during the shutdown. Shutdowns also cause a significant reduction in economical growth (depending on the length of the shutdown). During the 2013 shutdown, Standard & Poor's, the fiscal ratings agency, stated on October 16 that the shutdown had "to engagement taken $24 billion out of the economy", and "shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 Gross domestic product growth".[7]

Federal government [edit]

Overview [edit]

Under the separation of powers created by the Us Constitution, the appropriation and control of regime funds for the Us is the sole responsibility of the United States Congress. Congress begins this process through proposing an appropriation beak aimed at determining the levels of spending for each federal department and government program. The finalized version of the bill is and so voted upon by both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Later it passes both chambers, information technology proceeds to the President of the United States to sign the bill into law.

Government shutdowns tend to occur when there is a disagreement over budget allocations before the existing wheel ends. Such disagreements can come from the President – through vetoing any finalized appropriation bills they receive – or from one or both chambers of Congress,[8] [9] oft from the political party that has control over that chamber. A shutdown can be temporarily avoided through the enactment of a continuing resolution (CR), which tin can extend funding for the government for a gear up menstruum, during which fourth dimension negotiations can be made to supply an cribbing bill that all involved parties of the political deadlock on spending tin can agree upon. However, a CR can exist blocked by the same parties if in that location are issues with the content of the resolution beak that either party has a disagreement upon, in which instance a shutdown will inevitably occur if a CR cannot be passed by the House, Senate or President. Congress may, in rare cases effort to override a presidential veto of an cribbing pecker or CR, but such an deed requires in that location to be majority support of ii-thirds of both chambers.

Initially, many federal agencies continued to operate during shutdowns, while minimizing all nonessential operations and obligations, believing that Congress did not intend that agencies close downwardly while waiting for the enactment of almanac appropriations acts or temporary appropriations. Even so, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued two opinions in 1980 and 1981, that more strictly interpreted the Antideficiency Act in the context of a funding gap, along with its exceptions. The opinions stated that, with some exceptions, the head of an agency could avoid violating the Human activity only by suspending the bureau's operations until the enactment of an appropriation. In the absence of appropriations, exceptions would be allowed simply when there is some reasonable and articulable connectedness between the office to exist performed and the safety of human life or the protection of property.[ten] However, even subsequently the Civiletti opinions, not all funding gaps led to shutdowns. Of the nine funding gaps between 1980 and 1990, only iv led to furloughs.[11]

Shutdowns of the type experienced by the United States are about impossible in other forms of government:

  • Under the parliamentary systems used in most European and Asian nations, stalemates inside the government are much less likely, as the executive head of authorities (i.e. the prime number government minister) must exist a member of the legislature bulk, and must maintain the approval of the legislature to remain in power (conviction and supply). Typically a legislature is suspended if a budget fails to pass (loss of supply), and the head of authorities must resign. And then the caput of state may either appoint some other member of legislature who tin can garner bulk back up, or deliquesce the legislature and conduct fresh general elections.
  • In other presidential systems, the executive branch typically has the authority to keep the government functioning even without an approved upkeep.[12]

Effects [edit]

Units of the National Park System closed during the 2013 federal government shutdown. Shown here is the National Mall.

While authorities shutdowns prior to the 1995–1996 shutdowns had very mild effects, a full federal authorities shutdown causes a large number of civilian federal employees to be furloughed. During a government shutdown, furloughed government employees are prohibited from even checking their e-mail service from dwelling. To enforce this prohibition, many agencies crave employees to render their authorities-issued electronic devices for the elapsing of the shutdown.[13]

Because of the size of the regime workforce, the effects of a shutdown can be seen in macroeconomic data. For case, with payment delayed to i.3 meg workers, and 800,000 employees locked out,[fourteen] confidence in the job market decreased merely recovered within a month of the 2013 shutdown,[15] [16] and Gdp growth slowed 0.1–0.2%.[xiv] Still, the loss of Gdp from a shutdown is a bigger sum than it would cost to keep the authorities open up.[17]

However, the consummate effects of a shutdown are oftentimes clouded by missing data that cannot be nerveless while specific government offices are airtight.[14]

Additionally, some furnishings of the shutdown are difficult to directly measure out, and are thought to cause residual impacts in the months following a shutdown. Some examples include destroyed scientific studies, lack of investment, and deferred maintenance costs.[18] [xix] The length of the 2018–2019 shutdown concise rubber and law enforcement investigations, acquired air travel delays as essential workers stopped showing up, shut down some facilities for Native Americans and tourists, and delayed regulatory approvals and immigration hearings for not-detainees.

The verbal details of which government functions stop during a shutdown is determined by the Office of Management and Upkeep.[20]

What stays open [edit]

  • "Emergency personnel" continue to exist employed, including the active duty (Title x) military, federal police force enforcement agents, doctors and nurses working in federal hospitals, and air traffic controllers.[20]
  • Members of Congress continue to be paid, because their pay cannot be altered except by straight law.[21]
  • Mail commitment is not affected as it is self-funded and the funds are non appropriated past Congress.[22]
  • Sometimes the Washington, D.C. municipal government remains open. For example, during the 2013 shutdown, the city remained open because mayor Vincent C. Gray declared the entire municipal government to be essential.[23]

What shuts down [edit]

  • For the Section of Defense, at to the lowest degree half of the noncombatant workforce, and the full-time, dual-status military machine technicians in the US National Guard and traditional Guardsmen (those on Title 32 status) are furloughed and not paid while the shutdown is in effect.[24] [25]
  • Programs that are funded past laws other than annual appropriations acts (similar Social Security) may also be affected by a funding gap, if program execution relies on activities that receive annually appropriated funding.[10]
  • Sometimes parts of the Washington, D.C. municipal regime shut downwards, closing schools and suspending utilities such as garbage drove.[26]

Arguments for and confronting [edit]

During the 2013 shutdown, the moral philosopher Peter Singer argued in Slate, that shutdowns were evidence that the U.Southward. Constitution'due south separation of powers constituted "a fundamental flaw."[27]

In 2019, following the stop of the 2018–19 shutdown, Michael Shindler argued in The American Conservative that shutdowns protect popular sovereignty. He writes, "No other political phenomena so forcefully and dramatically obliges the whole people to recognize that their ideological divisions have get and so great that the exercise of their sovereignty has become virtually impossible," and "During a shutdown, the regime, which is leap by elaborate mechanisms to the national will, becomes dislocated. For a moment, it seems as if the march of American history is at a standstill. There are only two means of moving forwards: either government officials follow the will of something other than the nation or the nation engages in a momentous reconciliation of its will."[28]

Listing of federal shutdowns [edit]

Overview of shutdowns involving furloughs
Shutdown Days Agencies
affected 		Employees
furloughed 		Cost to
government 		President Refs
1980 1 FTC only 1,600 $700,000 Carter [29] [xxx]
1981 ane 241,000 $fourscore–xc one thousand thousand Reagan [31]
1984 1 (approx. 4 hrs.) 500,000 $65 million [31]
1986 1 (approx. 4 hrs.) all 500,000 $62.two million [31]
1990 3 all 2,800 $2.57 million H.W. Bush [32]
Nov 1995 5 some 800,000 $400 million Clinton [ten] [33]
1995–1996 21 some 284,000
2013 16 all 800,000 $2.1 billion Obama [34] [35]
Jan 2018 iii all 692,900 Trump [36]
2018–nineteen 35 some 380,000 $5 billion [37] [38]

This list includes only major funding gaps which led to actual employee furloughs inside federal departments of the US government. It does not include funding gaps that did non involve shutdowns of government departments, in which examples include: a cursory funding gap in 1982, in which nonessential workers were told to report to work just to abolish meetings and not perform their ordinary duties;[39] a 3-day funding gap in Nov 1983 that did not disrupt government services;[11] and a 9-hour funding gap in February 2022 that did not disrupt government services.[40] [41]

1980 [edit]

On i May 1980, during the Presidential term of Jimmy Carter, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was shut down for i day after Congress failed to laissez passer an appropriations bill for the agency, due to differing opinions towards its oversight of the US economy. Prior to the shutdown, a review had been made of the 1884 Antideficiency Deed regarding Congressional approval of agency funding, in which initial stance on the subject had been that this did not require a government agency to be closed down in the wake of the expiration of their funding, before Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti overruled this stance with his own on 25 Apr 1980, stating that a provision of this human activity stipulated to the contrary.[29] Five days subsequently, the FTC was shutdown after Congress delayed funding for the agency in social club to seek blessing for an authorization bill to limit the agency's investigative and rule-making abilities following criticism of the FTC's aggressive monitoring of the economy.[42]

The 1980 shutdown was the first time a federal agency shut down due to a budget dispute,[43] with around i,600 federal workers for the FTC being furloughed as a upshot,[29] [30] and Federal Marshals deployed to some FTC facilities to enforce their closure.[44] The shutdown ended after 1 day when Carter threatened to shut down the unabridged US government if Congress did not pass spending bills by 1 October later that twelvemonth, with economists of the time estimating that the 1-twenty-four hours shutdown of the FTC cost the government around $700,000, the bulk of which was towards back pay for the furloughed workers.[29] [30] In the aftermath of the shutdown, Civiletti issued a revised edition of his original opinion on 18 January 1981, detailing that shutdowns would still require agencies that protect human being rubber or property to go on operating if funding for them expired.[thirty]

1981, 1984, and 1986 [edit]

A recorded message used past the White House phone switchboard during the 1981 shutdown

In 1981, 1984, and 1986, thousands of federal employees were furloughed for a menses of between 12 and 24 hours during both Presidential terms of Ronald Reagan. The deadlocks focused on disagreements by Reagan towards Congressional bills that went against his political beliefs and goals. The start shutdown took place on 23 November 1981, lasting for a day and placing 241,000 federal employees into furlough,[31] later on Reagan vetoed a proposed appropriation bill that contained a reduced set of spending cuts than he had proposed for select authorities departments.[45] While the shutdown affected only a number of regime departments,[46] economists of the time believed that it toll taxpayers an estimated $80–ninety million in back pay and other expenses over the unabridged mean solar day.[31]

The second shutdown occurred on the afternoon of four October 1984, with 500,000 federal employees placed on furlough during this menstruum, after Reagan mounted opposition towards the inclusion of a water projects parcel and a ceremonious rights measure out within the proposed appropriations beak that twenty-four hour period.[31] While the shutdown covered around ix of the 13 appropriations bills that had not been passed at that point, Congress was forced to remove both of the opposed elements of the nib and include funding of the Nicaraguan Contras every bit a compromise to end the shutdown,[45] with economists believing that the brusque menses cost taxpayers an estimated $65 million in backpay.[31]

The third shutdown took place over a similar period and furloughed the same number of federal employees on 17 October 1986. Economists estimated that this period cost the United states of america government $62 million in lost work.[31] All regime agencies were affected past this shutdown.[47]

1990 [edit]

The shutdown of 1990 occurred during the Presidential term of George H. Due west. Bush and focused on a disagreement over several measures he proposed for the 1991 appropriations bill - the inclusion of major revenue enhancement increases, despite Bush'south campaign hope confronting whatever new taxes,[48] and major cuts in spending towards do good programs, including Medicare, to combat deficit reduction. On 5 October 1990, liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans, led by then House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich, opposed the initial appropriations package,[49] [50] with Bush vetoing the second resolution to the spending bill the following 24-hour interval on 6 October.[51]

The shutdown lasted until nine October, when Bush agreed to remove his proposed tax increases and reduce the amount of spending cuts, in return for Congress providing a concession on the amended bill to permit for increasing income tax on the wealthy.[51] The effects of the deadlock were lessened due to the fact that the shutdown occurred beyond the Columbus Mean solar day weekend - 6 October to 8 October. Only 2,800 workers were furloughed over this menstruation, with national parks and museums, such as the Smithsonian, being airtight, and a handful of departments unable to office, with the cost to the government for lost revenue and back wages being estimated to effectually $2.57 million.[32]

1995–1996 [edit]

Between 1995 and 1996, the Us authorities faced two shutdowns during the Presidential term of Pecker Clinton, who opposed proposed appropriation bills for 1996 by congressional Republicans (who had a bulk in both chambers) and Firm Speaker Newt Gingrich. Both Gingrich and the majority of Congress sought to laissez passer bills that would reduce government spending, much against Clinton's political objectives for 1996. Clinton objected to funding cuts affecting education, the environment, and public health. One proposed bill threatened to cake a scheduled reduction he had planned towards premiums within Medicare.[52] Both sides had differing opinions over the impact the proposed House bills would have over economic growth, medical aggrandizement, and anticipated revenues,[53] with Clinton vetoing the bills over amendments added to them past congressional Republicans, despite Gingrich threatening to refuse to enhance the land'due south debt ceiling.[53]

The first shutdown took place on 14 November 1995, after a CR issued on 1 Oct had expired, and meetings between Democrat and Republican leaders failed to end the deadlock.[53] The effect of the deadlock led to the bulk of authorities departments beingness closed downwards and 800,000 federal workers being furloughed every bit a event. Although the shutdown concluded five days afterwards 19 November,[10] the political friction between Clinton and Gingrich over the US budget remained unresolved, and on 16 December 1995, later on further spending bills failed to secure approval, a second shutdown took place. Although lasting 21 days, fewer departments were airtight downward, and around 284,000 federal workers were furloughed during this period.[10] The shutdown was eventually ended on 6 January 1996,[x] when White House and Congressional negotiators worked out a counterbalanced budget agreement, which included approval towards modest spending cuts and tax increases.

Both shutdowns had a contrasting bear on on the major political players in the deadlock. Gingrich's political career was negatively impacted by the shutdowns, in part due to a annotate he made during the deadlock that made it sound similar his reasons for information technology were petty.[54] [55] Clinton'south presidential term was positively improved by the shutdown and cited equally part of the reason behind his successful re-election to the White Firm in 1996.[56]

Some effects of the shutdowns included the government, tourism, and airline industry losing millions of dollars in revenue during this period, with disruptions made towards the processing of passports and visas, and work on medical enquiry and toxic waste cleanup existence halted.

2013 [edit]

The shutdown of 2013 occurred during the Presidential term of Barack Obama, focusing on a disagreement betwixt Republican-led House of Representatives and the Democratic-led Senate towards the contents of the 2022 Continuing Appropriations Resolution nib, alongside other political issues. Congressional Republicans, encouraged past conservative senators such as Ted Cruz,[57] and bourgeois groups such as Heritage Activity,[58] [59] [lx] sought to include several measures to the bill in late 2013 that could filibuster funding for the 2013 Affordable Care Act (ACA) and thus allow time for changes to be made to the act. However, both Obama and Autonomous senators refused to concur to these measures, seeking instead for the bill to maintain regime funding at then-current sequestration levels with no additional conditions.[61] [62] [63]

The shutdown took place on 1 October 2013, as a consequence of an impasse over the contents of the bill, with the House unable to approve any CRs before this date. Democrats opposed further efforts by congressional Republicans, led by House Speaker John Boehner, to filibuster funding of the ACA, and rejected piecemeal Resolution bills proposed by them to resolve the shutdown.[64] [65] As Congress was at an impasse amidst ascent concerns that the US would default on public debt, United states senators - especially then Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid - negotiated a deal to end the deadlock. Their proposal, which won a Senate vote,[66] approved an amended Resolution bill that would keep funding at sequestration levels, temporarily suspend the debt limit until 7 February 2014, and include a concession to congressional Republicans on the ACA by applying stricter income verification rules in regards to health insurance. Boehner somewhen withdrew further objections and delaying attempts against the ACA upon the country being within hours of breaking its debt limit on 16 Oct 2013,[67] with Congress approving the bill for Obama'southward signature the following day.[68]

The sixteen-day shutdown had considerable affect upon the U.s.: approximately 800,000 federal employees were put on furlough, while an additional 1.three 1000000 had to report to work without whatsoever known payment dates during this menstruum,[34] costing the regime millions in dorsum pay;[69] major government programmes concerning Native Americans,[70] [71] children,[72] and domestic violence victims,[73] aslope the legal processing of aviary and immigration cases,[74] [75] and sexual assault cases handled by the Role of Ceremonious Rights,[76] were badly disrupted by the shutdown; tourism was greatly impacted due to the closure of national parks and institutions during the shutdown and toll the government millions in lost revenue; and US economic growth was reduced during this period. In political circles, the shutdown had a negative impact on Republicans, as over half of Americans held Republicans answerable for the deadlock, in comparison to public stance on the accountability of both the Democrats and Obama during this flow.[77]

January 2018 [edit]

The shutdown of January 2022 was the get-go to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump and was centered around a disagreement on the consequence of immigration. By the start of October 2017, Congress had failed to approve an appropriation bill to fund the U.s.a. regime in 2018, and instead passed three CRs to keep federal agencies open until xix January 2018. The failure to constitute a permanent spending nib was due to Democratic senators insisting that any proposed House nib needed to include funding for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration policy and assurances against deportation for immigrants that barbarous under the DREAM Act. Republicans refused to pass such bills, citing that discussions on immigration and those individuals under DACA would not exist held until mid-March of the post-obit year.[78] [79] A senate vote to extend the 2022 Continuing Appropriations Resolution on 19 January 2018, which had passed a congressional vote the previous twenty-four hours, failed to achieve a bulk,[lxxx] later on Democratic senators led a filibuster aimed at forcing Republicans to invoke a shorter duration of CR and thus invoke negotiations that could lead to extensions of the DACA policy.[81] simply failed to achieve a majority, equally Democrats sought a shorter duration of Motorcar to forcefulness negotiations.

The shutdown took place on xx January 2018, and led to approximately 692,000 federal workers beingness furloughed.[36] An try by Democrats to protect the payment of military personnel during the deadlock was rejected past Republicans, later Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that funding had to be restored for the entire United states government rather than for individual authorities branches.[82] [83] Despite the nib's failure, both sides engaged in negotiations that eventually culminated with a deal on a proposed stopgap measure to fund the regime for four weeks - equally part of the proposal, Democrats agreed to end their filibuster and approve the Republican's measure, in commutation for fresh talks on the DACA policy and DREAM Act inside newly proposed Resolution pecker. The measure was approved in the Business firm and passed a Senate vote, effectively catastrophe the shutdown on 23 January.[84]

The touch of the shutdown was not every bit severe as in previous deadlocks - about government departments, such as the Department of Energy and the Ecology Protection Agency, were able to keep their functions during the three-twenty-four hour period deadlock despite their workers needing back-pay in the aftermath,[85] and only a third of National Parks in the United States were airtight downward.[86] In the backwash of the shutdown, the Senate debated on a bill for the 2022 Bipartisan Budget Human action to provide 2-twelvemonth funding for the armed services, and provide an extension to the Resolution to keep the government funded for another six weeks, simply suffered delays that triggered the cursory 9 February spending gap, though caused piddling disruptions and did not prevent the signing of the beak subsequently it came to an end inside nine hours.

December 2018–Jan 2019 [edit]

The shutdown of Dec 2018–January 2022 was the second to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump, and was due to a disagreement over negotiations for Trump's wall forth the United mexican states–Us border. Trump sought to accept the cribbing neb for 2022 include a funding measure on border security, providing $five.7 billion toward construction of the wall.[87] [88] Democrats refused to support the pecker, citing that the funding would be a waste of taxpayer money and questioned the effectiveness the new wall would have, opting to propose bills that would include funding for border security, but towards improving pre-existing security measures. Trump initially backed down on demands for border wall funding, but reversed this decision on twenty December 2022 over force per unit area from supporters, refusing to sign any CRs that did not include it.[89] [90]

The shutdown began on 22 December 2018, after Democrats refused to back up a new CR in the Senate that included approximately $5 billion for the new edge wall,[91] [92] and continued to cake farther attempts upon taking control of Congress on three Jan 2022 following the 2022 mid-term elections. Although he had support from several Republicans, including Senate Bulk Leader Mitch McConnell, Trump faced stiff opposition to edge wall funding from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, with neither party able to break the political impasse through negotiations,[93] rallying public support through televised addresses,[94] [95] offering proposals on alternative border security funding measures,[96] or making concessions for a proposed appropriation beak with regards to the DACA policy.[97] [98] The deadlock eventually ended on 25 January 2019, when both chambers of Congress approved a plan to reopen the The states regime for 3 weeks, in order to facilitate a period of negotiations to determine a suitable cribbing nib that both parties could agree upon, with Trump endorsing the deal amid rising security and rubber concerns.[99] [100] [101]

The 35-day shutdown, the longest in Us history later on surpassing the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996,[102] led to 380,000 federal workers being furloughed, and an additional 420,000 workers were required to work without any known payment dates during this period, forcing many to find other paid work or protest against the extended menses of the deadlock.[103] [104] The extent of the funding gap had further major impacts - precipitous reductions had to exist made on SNAP payments,[105] [106] and the Internal Revenue Service faced all-encompassing delays on processing tax refunds worth around $140 billion;[107] a lack of resources due to the funding gap impacted the work of several agencies, with the FBI facing major disruptions that risked compromising a number of investigations being conducted at the time;[107] [108] staff shortages in the Transportation Security Administration caused a number of airports to be closed down as a upshot; and economical growth was severely reduced by billions of dollars.[109] [110] [111] [112]

Co-ordinate to the Congressional Budget Office, the shutdown cost the government $3 billion in back pay for furloughed workers, plus $two billion in lost tax revenues due to reduced tax evasion compliance activities by the Internal Revenue Service, and a smaller amount of lost fees such equally for visits to national parks, for a total of about $5 billion.[38]

State and territorial governments [edit]

Twelvemonth Start engagement Finish date Total days Location References
1991 Jul 1 Jul 17 17 Maine [113]
1991 Jul 1 Aug 23 54 Connecticut [113]
1991 Jul two Aug 4 34 Pennsylvania [113]
1992 Jul 1 Sep 1 63 California [114]
2002 Jul 1 Jul three 3 Tennessee [113] [115]
2005 Jul one Jul ix 9 Minnesota [116]
2006 May 1 May 13 13 Puerto Rico [117]
2006 Jul ane Jul eight 8 New Jersey [118]
2007 Oct 1 October 1 1 (approx. 4hrs) Michigan [119]
2007 Jul xi Jul 12 1 (approx. 6hrs) Pennsylvania [120] [121]
2009 Oct 1 Oct 1 i (approx. 6hrs) Michigan [122]
2011 Jul i Jul xx twenty Minnesota

[113]

2015 Jul 1 Jul 6 6 Illinois [ citation needed ]
2017 Jul 1 Jul 4 iii New Jersey [123] [124]
2017 Jul i Jul four four Maine [125]

County governments [edit]

Year Kickoff date Terminate date Total days Location References
2005 February 7 Feb 7 1 Erie Canton, NY [126] [127] [128]

Run across as well [edit]

  • Loss of supply
  • Budget crunch
  • Upkeep deficit
  • Chiffonier crisis
  • Ramble crisis
  • Gridlock (politics)
  • Fiscal policy
  • Generational accounting
  • Lockout
  • 1975 Australian constitutional crisis

U.S. [edit]

  • Deficit hawk
  • Taxation in the Us
  • Fiscal policy in the United states
  • National debt by U.South. presidential terms
  • Starve the animate being
  • United States federal budget
  • The states public debt
  • Appropriations bill (Usa)

References [edit]

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  2. ^ Brand regime shutdowns impossible again - The Calendar week
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  14. ^ a b c Economist, The (October 5, 2013). "Airtight until further notice". The Economist. Archived from the original on August iv, 2014. Retrieved August ane, 2014.
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External links [edit]

  • Congressional Research Service: Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_shutdowns_in_the_United_States

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